Salivary interleukin-1ß as a biomarker to differentiate between periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal diagnosis is based on recording clinical parameters including bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL). These techniques may be prone to errors due to different factors. Available biomarkers in the oral biofluid such as interleukin (IL)-1ß could provide solutions for these issues. The study aimed to determine the potential of salivary IL-1ß to differentiate periodontal health from disease and between gingivitis and periodontitis. METHODS: Patients with gingivitis (N.=25), periodontitis (N.=50), and healthy periodontium (N.=25) were recruited for this study. For each patient, whole unstimulated saliva was collected followed by recording periodontal parameters namely; Plaque Index (PI), BOP, PPD, CAL. Level of salivary IL-1ß was assayed by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Sensitivity and specificity of IL-1ß, to differentiate any given condition, was determined by Receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Both BOP and PI were significantly higher in association with gingivitis and periodontitis groups as compared to controls. Concentration of salivary IL-1ß in periodontal health was significantly lower than gingivitis and periodontitis groups. The biochemical analyses showed that salivary IL-1ß differentiated periodontal health from gingivitis (AUC 0.949) and periodontitis (AUC 0.852) but could not discriminate gingivitis from periodontitis (AUC 0.532). The proposed cut-off points to differentiate periodontal health from gingivitis was 103.8 pg/mL, while the value of the biomarker to differentiate periodontal health from periodontitis was 102.0 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary IL-1ß could be a reliable biomarker with a good level of accuracy to differentiate periodontal health from disease but not to discriminate gingivitis from periodontitis.

Dental Fluorosis and Periodontium: an Original Research Report of In Vitro and In Vivo Institutional Studies.

Fluorosis is one of the global problems that have persisted for a very long time now without any specific treatment and cure. Fluoride is known for its influence on the tooth structures like enamel and dentin, but little information exists on its effect on the surrounding periodontal structures and bone. With this background, we conducted multiple studies assessing etiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and clinical criteria in subjects with and without dental fluorosis in a single group of the population residing in high fluoride water areas (1.5-3.0 ppm) of Davangere District, Karnataka, India. These preliminary studies conducted are hereby elaborately presented and discussed in this comprehensive review article along with their important conclusions.

Citrullination in periodontium is associated with Porphyromonas gingivalis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the citrulline level in the periodontium in association with the presence of or antibody levels against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. DESIGN: Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), subgingival biofilm and blood serum were sampled from 98 subjects (26 with RA, 72 without RA (NoRA)). GCF was analyzed for the level of citrulline, for interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-17, IL-10 and monocyte-chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. Microorganisms were identified in subgingival biofilms. Antibodies againstP. gingivalis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were quantified in serum. RESULTS: GCF citrulline level was the lowest (by trend) in NoRA group without periodontitis. In NoRA, but not in RA an association between GCF citrulline level and P. gingivalis antibody levels was found and the GCF citrulline levels were higher in P. gingivalis positive samples. Any association of A. actinomycetemcomitans with GCF citrulline level did not exist. A model of univariate variance analysis (p = 0.001) showed a dependence of GCF citrulline level from the number of sites with PD (probing depth) ≥5 mm (p = 0.003) and the GCF MCP-1/CCL2 level (p = 0.019). Compared with NoRA in RA the number of teeth was lower, the number of sites with PD ≥ 5 mm was less, GCF levels of interleukin-17 and MCP-1/CCL2 were higher and those of IL-10 lower. Yeasts were only cultured in 15 RA patients (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Citrullination in periodontium might be associated with P. gingivalis supporting the potential role as a trigger in the development of RA. Pathogenesis of periodontal disease in RA patients seems to differ from that in NoRA and should be investigated further.

Influence of Smoking on Interleukin-34 Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Plasma in Periodontal Health and Disease: A Clinico-biochemical Study.

Interleukin-34 (IL-34), an alternative ligand for macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor, plays an important role in osteoclastogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of smoking on IL-34 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and plasma in individuals with healthy periodontium and chronic generalized periodontitis (CP). A total of 60 individuals ranging in age from 25 to 55 years were enrolled in the study. The participants were divided into 4 groups: Group A, 30 samples (15 GCF and 15 plasma) obtained from 15 non-smokers with healthy periodontium; Group B, 30 samples (15 GCF and 15 plasma) from 15 smokers with healthy periodontium; Group C, 30 samples (15 GCF and 15 plasma) from 15 non-smokers with CP; and Group D, 30 samples (15 GCF and 15 plasma) from 15 smokers with CP. The Gingival Index and probing depth scores, together with the Clinical Attachment Level, were assessed in each group as clinical periodontal parameters. Levels of IL-34 in GCF and plasma were quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that the mean IL-34 concentrations in GCF and plasma were highest in Group D, followed by Group C, Group B, and Group A, and the difference among them was statistically significant (p<0.05). The relatively elevated IL-34 levels observed here in smokers with CP suggest that this cytokine offers a potential inflammatory marker of periodontal disease in smokers.

Evaluation of interleukin-1ß level and oxidative status in gingival crevicular fluid during rapid maxillary expansion.

OBJECTIVES: The levels of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), nitric oxide (NO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant status (TOS) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were determined during rapid maxillary expansion (RME) treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients (10-13 years old) were included. A modified hyrax appliance was used for the treatment. After periodontal parameters were recorded, GCF was collected from the first molars at each observation [T1:baseline:14 days after periodontal prophylaxis and instructions; T2:1 day later hyrax inserted, at passive position; T3:1 week later; after the first activation; T4:after 2 × 1/4 activation; T5:after 7 × 1/4 activation; T6:after 14 × 1/4 activation; T7:retention period on the 1 st month; and T8:retention period on the 3rd month]. RESULTS: Although the levels of IL1-ß, NO, and PD increased significantly from T1 to T2, the GI, BOP%, and PI remained unchanged throughout treatment. GCF volume at buccal and palatal surfaces increased significantly from T1 to T4, T6, T7, and T8. The parameters in GCF and TAC levels were not only higher at palatal side in comparison with buccal, but also TOS levels increased at both buccal and palatal sides. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the differences of oxidative status and IL-1ß levels during RME treatment could be attributable to orthopedic effect of the heavy forces on maxilla and minimal orthodontic forces on teeth applied by the RME apparatus.

Periodontal, salivary and IL-6 status in rheumatoid arthritis patients. A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine whether saliva interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels are elevated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis versus a control group and examine the possible relationship between the oral condition and the risk of RA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 30 patients with RA and 30 healthy controls, different periodontal indices were recorded; sialometric measurements were taken to determine resting whole saliva, stimulated whole saliva and stimulated parotid saliva flow; and the saliva IL-6 levels were measured. Logistic regression analysis was performed, with the presence or absence of RA as dependent variable. RESULTS: The patients with RA had a greater presence of bacterial plaque, a greater periodontal pocket depth, a larger percentage of medium-sized pockets, and greater periodontal attachment loss compared with the controls. Likewise, a decrease in resting and stimulated saliva flow was observed, together with an increase in saliva IL-6 levels. Logistic regression analysis reported that the plaque index is the principal differentiating factor of patients with RA. Stimulated parotid saliva flow was also significantly correlated to the presence of RA. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with RA showed a greater tendency to develop periodontal disease than the controls, with lower salivary flow and higher levels of IL-6 in saliva.

Effect of smoking cessation for 1 year on periodontal biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this 12 mo prospective study was to assess the effect of smoking cessation on periodontal tissue without periodontal intervention, using matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9 and interleukin (IL)-1ß in gingival crevicular fluid, and nicotine and cotinine in saliva. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Of the 122 male smokers enrolled in a smoking cessation clinic, 11 quitters, nine non-quitters, six oscillators and 13 non-smokers participated in all experiments done at follow-up week 2, and follow-up months 2, 4, 6 and 12. The following were measured: gingival index; dental plaque index and sites of 3.5 mm < probing depth < 5.5 mm using a WHO probe for the full mouth; amounts of MMP-8, MMP-9 and IL-1ß in gingival crevicular fluid of the upper anterior teeth area using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; and concentrations of nicotine, cotinine and hydroxycotinine in saliva using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: No significant differences in MMP-8 and MMP-9 in gingival crevicular fluid were detected between smokers, quit-smokers, oscillators and non-smokers for 1 year. Only the amount of IL-1ß showed that smokers (90.14 ± 65.32 pg/mL) had a significantly higher value compared with non-smokers (37.70 ± 40.90 pg/mL), quit-smokers (32.11 ± 40.50 pg/mL) and oscillators (11.90 ± 12.46 pg/mL) at 2 mo follow-up (p = 0.007). IL-1ß had a positive correlation with nicotine (r = 0.351) and the cotinine (r = 0.376), nicotine (r = 0.492) and hydroxycotinine (r = 0.358), and hydroxycotinine (r = 0.413) levels at 2 wk and 4 and 6 mo follow-up, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This 1-year prospective smoking cessation study without nonsurgical periodontal therapy shows IL-1ß in gingival crevicular fluid could have a positive relationship with the nicotine and cotinine levels in saliva.

Local levels of biomarkers after surgical and nonsurgical debridement of residual pockets and nonresidual sites in diabetic patients: a 12-month follow-up.

There is scarce evidence on suitable approaches for the treatment of unresponsive or residual periodontal sites in diabetic patients. This study assessed the effects of surgical debridement (SD) and nonsurgical debridement (NSD), associated with amoxicillin and metronidazole, on clinical and immunological outcomes of residual pockets and adjacent healthy sites in patients with type 2 diabetes. A split-mouth, randomized controlled trial was conducted in 21 patients presenting at least 2 residual pockets in contralateral quadrants 12 months after basic nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Patients received systemic antibiotics, and contralateral quadrants were assigned to receive SD or NSD. The changes in clinical parameters were evaluated from baseline to 12 months. Local levels of 14 cytokines and chemokines were measured with multiplex bead immunoassays at baseline and 3 and 12 months after therapy. There were no statistically significant differences between SD and NSD for changes in clinical parameters from baseline to 12 months (P > 0.05). There was a significantly greater increase in the levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 6 from baseline to 3 months in the healthy sites adjacent to residual pockets receiving SD (P < 0.05). A significant decrease in the levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α occurred from baseline to 12 months in the residual pockets treated by SD (P < 0.05). In conclusion, SD and NSD resulted in similar clinical benefits at 12 months. The short-term increase in the levels of proinflammatory biomarkers in SD sites probably can be attributed to tissue trauma and healing, and the long-term decrease in the levels of chemotactic factors in residual pockets treated by surgery may reflect remission of infection and stable wound healing in these sites at 12 months.

Diverse functions of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides in periodontal tissues.

Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that exhibit direct microbicidal activity as well as mediator-like functions by, for example, activating immature dendritic cells. This review focuses on defensins and other antimicrobial peptides that are present in periodontal tissues. Their antimicrobial capacity against periodontal microorganisms, their regulation and their expression profiles during periodontal diseases is discussed. As antimicrobial peptides may possess great potential for new diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic strategies, a better understanding of how antimicrobial peptides are regulated as part of the innate host immune response is crucial.

Comparison of Gene Expression in Peri-implant Soft Tissue and Oral Mucosal Tissue by Microarray Analysis.

PURPOSE: Implant placement entails disruption of the epithelial continuity, which can lead to various complications. Therefore, the area of mucosal penetration is of particular interest clinically. The goal of the present study was to compare gene expression in peri-implant soft tissue (PIST) with that in oral mucosal tissue (OMT) using microarray analysis, and to investigate which genes were specifically expressed in PIST. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bilateral upper first molars were extracted from 4-week-old rats and titanium alloy implants placed only in the left-side extraction sockets. Four weeks after surgery, samples were harvested from the left-side PIST and right-side OMT and total RNA samples isolated. Microarray analysis was used to compare gene expression in PIST and OMT, which was then confirmed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical staining was also performed to confirm protein level expression. RESULTS: The number of genes expressed with more than a twofold change in PIST compared with OMT was 1,102, of which 750 genes were upregulated and 352 genes were downregulated. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of three selected genes-Ceacam1, Ifitm1, and MUC4-were more significantly expressed in PIST than in OMT(P < .01). Immunohistochemical localization of CEACAM1, IFITM1, and MUC4 was observed in PIST, but no immunoreaction was recognized in OMT. CONCLUSION: The result of microarray analysis showed that, because of implant placement, 750 genes were upregulated in PIST compared with OMT. CEACAM1, IFITM1, and MUC4 were specifically upregulated in PIST.

Increased and correlated expression of connective tissue growth factor and transforming growth factor beta 1 in surgically removed periodontal tissues with chronic periodontitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Both gingival tissue destruction and regeneration are associated with chronic periodontitis, although the former overwhelms the latter. Studies have shown that transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ß1), a growth factor largely involved in tissue regeneration and remodeling, is upregulated in chronic periodontitis. However, the gingival expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF or CCN2), a TGF-ß1-upregulated gene, in patients with periodontitis remains undetermined. Although both CTGF/CCN2 and TGF-b1 increase the production of extracellular matrix, they have many different biological functions. Therefore, it is important to delineate the impact of periodontitis on gingival CTGF/CCN2 expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Periodontal tissue specimens were collected from seven individuals without periodontitis (group 1) and from 14 with periodontitis (group 2). The expression of CTGF and TGFß1 mRNAs were quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS: Analysis using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test showed that the levels of expression of both CTGF/CCN2 and TGFß1 mRNAs were significantly increased in individuals with periodontitis compared with individuals without periodontitis. Furthermore, analysis using a nonparametric correlation (Spearman r) test showed a positive correlation between TGFß1 and CTGF/CCN2 mRNAs. CONCLUSION: The gingival expression levels of CTGF/CCN2 and TGFß1 mRNAs in individuals with periodontitis are upregulated and correlated.

Comparative evaluation of serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels in periodontally diseased patients: an interventional study.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease is an immune-inflammatory disease characterized by connective tissue breakdown, loss of attachment, and alveolar bone resorption. Under normal physiological conditions, a dynamic equilibrium is maintained between the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense capacity. Oxidative stress occurs when this equilibrium shifts in favor of ROS. Oxidative stress is thought to play a causative role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. AIM: The present study was designed to estimate and compare the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the serum of periodontitis, gingivitis, and healthy individuals before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted in the Department of Periodontics, A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore. The study was designed as a single blinded interventional study comprising 75 subjects, inclusive of both sexes and divided into three groups of 25 patients each. Patients were categorized into chronic periodontitis, gingivitis, and healthy. The severity of inflammation was assessed using gingival index and pocket probing depth. Biochemical analysis was done to estimate the SOD and GSH levels before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. RESULTS obtained were then statistically analyzed using ANOVA test and paired t-test. RESULTS: The results showed a higher level of serum SOD and GSH in the healthy group compared to the other groups. The difference was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The post-treatment levels of SOD were statistically higher than the pre-treatment levels in periodontitis and gingivitis group.

Expression and distribution of TNF-α and PGE2 of periodontal tissues in rat periodontitis model.

OBJECTIVE: To simulate the expression of TNF-α and PGE2 of periodontal tissues in rat periodontitis model. METHODS: 40 Wistar rats were randomly divided into the periodontitis group and the control group (n=20). After the successful establishment of periodontitis rat model, raising for six weeks before the animals were sacrificed. The periodontal tissues were obtained and made into slices. Observed the histopathological changes of the periodontal tissues and measured TNF-α, PGE2 levels change by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and ELISA. RESULTS: TNF-α, PGE2 expression of the periodontitis group was significantly higher than that in the control group, the difference was significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The TNF-α, PGE2 expression of the rat periodontal tissue in the periodontitis group was significantly higher than the control group.

Estimation of bone loss biomarkers as a diagnostic tool for peri-implantitis.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study are to estimate the profile of bone loss biomarkers in peri-implant tissues and to identify potential prognostic biomarkers of peri-implantitis. METHODS: Peri-implant crevicular fluid samples collected from 164 participants (52 patients with peri-implantitis, 54 with mucositis, and 58 with healthy peri-implant tissues) were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to evaluate concentrations of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), soluble RANK ligand (sRANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), cathepsin-K, and sclerostin. RESULTS: Concentrations of RANK, sRANKL, OPG, and sclerostin were significantly increased in patients with peri-implantitis compared with patients with healthy peri-implant tissues. Comparisons between peri-implantitis and mucositis demonstrated significantly higher values of sclerostin in peri-implantitis samples. Comparisons between mucositis and healthy peri-implant tissues showed significantly increased levels of RANK and cathepsin-K in mucositis. CONCLUSION: These results are suggestive of a role of sRANKL, OPG, and sclerostin as prognostic biomarkers in peri-implantitis.

Immunohistochemical localization of connective tissue growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1 and phosphorylated-smad2/3 in the developing periodontium of rats.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a downstream mediator of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-ß1), and TGF-ß1-induced CTGF expression is regulated through the SMAD pathway. CTGF is implicated in the development of cartilage, bone and tooth. However, its expression in the developing periodontium is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the immunolocalization of CTGF, TGF-ß1 and phosphorylated SMAD2/3 (pSMAD2/3) in the developing periodontium of rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The maxillaries of Wistar rats, 2, 3, 7 and 12 wk of age, were used and the localization of CTGF, TGF-ß1 and pSMAD2/3 was detected using immunoperoxidase techniques. RESULTS: Hertwig' s epithelial root sheath (HERS) cells were strongly positive for CTGF and TGF-ß1, but not for pSMAD2/3. Positive staining for CTGF, TGF-ß1 and pSMAD2/3 was found in bone and periodontal ligament. In cementum, most cementoblasts associated with cellular cementum and some cementocytes stained strongly for CTGF, whereas cementoblasts associated with acellular cementum did not express CTGF. No signal for TGF-ß1 was observed in cellular and acellular cementum. In addition, most cementocytes were strongly positive for pSMAD2/3. CONCLUSION: CTGF, TGF-ß1 and pSMAD2/3 are localized in bone and periodontal ligament, but are differentially expressed in HERS and cementum. The results of our study indicate that the regulation of CTGF expression by TGF-ß1 might be cell-type specific in periodontium.

Host modulation in rheumatoid arthritis patients with TNF blockers significantly decreases biochemical parameters in periodontitis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of host modulation therapy on periodontal and biochemical parameters. Sixteen rheumatoid arthritis patients newly scheduled for anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy were screened for 30 days. Periodontal parameters (clinical attachment level, probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, plaque index and gingival index) as well as salivary and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels of the patients were evaluated at baseline and on the 30th day of therapy. GCF volume, IL-1ß and IL-8 levels (p = 0.007, p = 0.017 and p = 0.009, respectively) of the periodontitis patients significantly decreased. Although there was a decrease in all these parameters in healthy patients, it was below statistical significance. Salivary IL-8 and MCP-1 levels significantly decreased in periodontitis patients (p = 0.028 and p = 0.013, respectively), but IL-1ß levels remained unchanged. These results suggest that TNF blockers may significantly modify host response in terms of biochemical parameters of the periodontium and may mask significant associations such as those reported between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis.

[Effects of anandamide on IL-11 production through the TRPV1 of human periodontal ligament cells].

A functional endocannabinoid system is present in several mammalian organs and tissues. The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide (AEA) is a bioactive lipid neurotransmitter that is present in a variety of tissues and has multiple functions. Recently, this cannabinoid system was reported to play important roles in osteoblastic and osteoclastic cells. Human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells modulate alveolar bone remodeling by producing cytokines when stimulated by many factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the AEA level in periodontal regions and the osteogenic effect of AEA on hPDL cells. The levels of AEA in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontitis patients were measured using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Expressions of cannabinoid receptor mRNA were detected by RT-PCR in hPDL cells and expression of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) was observed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). IL-11 production from hPDL cells was measured using an ELISA, with or without AEA in the presence or absence of capsazepine, a selective TRPV1 antagonist AEA secreted into GCF was detected, but there was no correlation between the probing pocket depth (PPD) and AEA level. TRPV1 mRNA was detected in hPDL cells and the TRPV1 expression was observed by CLSM. IL-11 production from hPDL cells was significantly enhanced by AEA stimulation and this IL-11 production was suppressed by capsazepine. Our findings indicate that this endogenous cannabinoid system has a possible role in bone metabolism in periodontitis through TRPV1.

Association between polymorphisms in interleukin-17A and -17F genes and chronic periodontal disease.

OBJECTIVE: Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a cytokine that induces neutrophil recruitment and the release of inflammatory mediators in several inflammatory conditions; nevertheless, the involvement of IL-17 gene polymorphisms in chronic periodontitis (CP) has not been addressed yet. Our aim was to evaluate the association between periodontal status and the polymorphisms IL-17A G197A and IL-17F C7488T in subjects with CP along with their impact on levels of inflammatory mediators. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Genomic DNA was obtained from 30 CP patients and 30 healthy controls (HCs). IL-17A G197A and IL-17F C7488T polymorphisms were determined using PCR-RFLP. Serum and periodontal tissues were collected and processed for ELISA, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and/or microscopic analysis. RESULTS: The frequencies of genotypes in the CP group were significantly different from those of HC. Odds ratio indicated that increased risks for CP were associated with the -197A allele, not with the -7488T allele. In addition, the -197A allele was correlated with worse clinical parameters, higher MPO activity, and increased expression of inflammatory mediators (IL-17A and IL-8) than the other genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the IL-17A -197A allele is associated with increased risk for CP, likely because this genotype relates to the enhanced inflammation in periodontal tissues.

Análise da presença de citocinas no periodonto de ratos diabéticos tratados com chá verde / Cytokines expression analyses in periodontium of diabetic rats treated with green tea

As doenças periodontais (DPs) são alterações inflamatórias crônicas que acometem os tecidos de sustentação do órgão dental. A presença do diabetes é refletida em maior severidade e prevalência das DPs tanto em humanos quanto em modelos experimentais. Contudo, os mecanismos biológicos envolvidos no aumento da prevalência e da severidade permanecem pouco conhecidos. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o número de células marcadas por imunohistoquímica para TNF-α, RANKL, OPG, IL-10 e para o fator de transcrição RUNX-2, na doença periodontal experimental decorrente da indução do diabetes em ratos. Além disso, avaliamos os possíveis efeitos do tratamento com chá verde sobre o periodonto dos animais. Inicialmente, os ratos (n=80) foram submetidos à indução do diabetes por administração intraperitoneal de estreptozotocina (50mg/kg) e, juntamente com o grupo controle (n=40), foram subdivididos em animais tratados com chá verde ou com água, acompanhados durante o período de 15, 30, 60 ou 90 dias. Após o sacrifício dentro do tempo determinado para cada grupo, as hemimaxilas coletadas passaram pelos procedimentos de imunohistoquímica. Os resultados revelaram que a presença do diabetes causou perda óssea alveolar, compatível com o desenvolvimento da doença periodontal e resultou em alterações significativas no número de células imunomarcadas para diferentes mediadores do processo inflamatório. Entretanto, o chá verde apresentou efeitos benéficos para o periodonto, alterando a marcação das citocinas envolvidas. Nos animais diabéticos, independente do tratamento, foi observado aumento estatisticamente significativo (p<0,05 ANOVA) no número de células imunomarcadas para TNF-α e RANKL. Inversamente, houve menor marcação para OPG (60 e 90 dias), RUNX-2 (30, 60 e 90 dias) e para IL-10 (30, 60 e 90 dias) nos animais que ingeriram água. Porém, os diabéticos tratados com chá não demonstraram diferenças significativas em relação ao seu respectivo controle...

Periodontal diseases (PD) are chronic inflammatory diseases leading the destruction of connective tissue and alveolar bone supporting the teeth. The establishment of diabetes increases PD prevalence and severity in humans and experimental model. However, biological mechanisms regarding to increase of prevalence and severity remains poorly known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the number of immuno-staining cells to TNF-α, RANKL, OPG, IL-10 and transcription factor RUNX-2 in experimental periodontal disease in diabetic rats. Furthermore, the possible green tea efects were evaluated in periodontiumof the rats. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats (n=120) by intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg ofstreptozotocin and together with control animals (n=80), the rats were subdivided in water or green tea treated group, that were analyzed at 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after diabetes induction. The animals were sacrificed and the hemimaxillae were removed and submitted to immunohistochemistry procedures. Our data demonstrated that diabetes induction and progression resulted in significant bone loss and alterations in number of immuno-staining cells to different mediators of inflammatory process. However, the green tea showed positive effects in periodontium through inflammation modulation. In diabetic rats, regardless of treatment, we observed an increased number of immuno-staining cells to TNF-α, IL-1b and RANKL (p<0,05 ANOVA). On the other hand, in water treated diabetic rats, there were a decreased number of immuno-staining cells to OPG (60 e 90 days), RUNX-2 (30, 60 e 90 days) and IL-10 (30, 60 e 90 days). However, the green tea treated rats did not showed statistical differences between control and experimental groups in those staining. When we compared both diabetic groups, green tea and water treated, the animals that drank the green tea showed decreased number of immuno-staining cells to TNF-α and RANKL(p<0,05 ANOVA) whereas the number...

Análise da presença de citocinas no periodonto de ratos diabéticos tratados com chá verde / Cytokines expression analyses in periodontium of diabetic rats treated with green tea

As doenças periodontais (DPs) são alterações inflamatórias crônicas que acometem os tecidos de sustentação do órgão dental. A presença do diabetes é refletida em maior severidade e prevalência das DPs tanto em humanos quanto em modelos experimentais. Contudo, os mecanismos biológicos envolvidos no aumento da prevalência e da severidade permanecem pouco conhecidos. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o número de células marcadas por imunohistoquímica para TNF-α, RANKL, OPG, IL-10 e para o fator de transcrição RUNX-2, na doença periodontal experimental decorrente da indução do diabetes em ratos. Além disso, avaliamos os possíveis efeitos do tratamento com chá verde sobre o periodonto dos animais. Inicialmente, os ratos (n=80) foram submetidos à indução do diabetes por administração intraperitoneal de estreptozotocina (50mg/kg) e, juntamente com o grupo controle (n=40), foram subdivididos em animais tratados com chá verde ou com água, acompanhados durante o período de 15, 30, 60 ou 90 dias. Após o sacrifício dentro do tempo determinado para cada grupo, as hemimaxilas coletadas passaram pelos procedimentos de imunohistoquímica. Os resultados revelaram que a presença do diabetes causou perda óssea alveolar, compatível com o desenvolvimento da doença periodontal e resultou em alterações significativas no número de células imunomarcadas para diferentes mediadores do processo inflamatório. Entretanto, o chá verde apresentou efeitos benéficos para o periodonto, alterando a marcação das citocinas envolvidas. Nos animais diabéticos, independente do tratamento, foi observado aumento estatisticamente significativo (p<0,05 ANOVA) no número de células imunomarcadas para TNF-α e RANKL. Inversamente, houve menor marcação para OPG (60 e 90 dias), RUNX-2 (30, 60 e 90 dias) e para IL-10 (30, 60 e 90 dias) nos animais que ingeriram água. Porém, os diabéticos tratados com chá não demonstraram diferenças significativas em relação ao seu respectivo controle...

Periodontal diseases (PD) are chronic inflammatory diseases leading the destruction of connective tissue and alveolar bone supporting the teeth. The establishment of diabetes increases PD prevalence and severity in humans and experimental model. However, biological mechanisms regarding to increase of prevalence and severity remains poorly known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the number of immuno-staining cells to TNF-α, RANKL, OPG, IL-10 and transcription factor RUNX-2 in experimental periodontal disease in diabetic rats. Furthermore, the possible green tea efects were evaluated in periodontiumof the rats. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats (n=120) by intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg ofstreptozotocin and together with control animals (n=80), the rats were subdivided in water or green tea treated group, that were analyzed at 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after diabetes induction. The animals were sacrificed and the hemimaxillae were removed and submitted to immunohistochemistry procedures. Our data demonstrated that diabetes induction and progression resulted in significant bone loss and alterations in number of immuno-staining cells to different mediators of inflammatory process. However, the green tea showed positive effects in periodontium through inflammation modulation. In diabetic rats, regardless of treatment, we observed an increased number of immuno-staining cells to TNF-α, IL-1b and RANKL (p<0,05 ANOVA). On the other hand, in water treated diabetic rats, there were a decreased number of immuno-staining cells to OPG (60 e 90 days), RUNX-2 (30, 60 e 90 days) and IL-10 (30, 60 e 90 days). However, the green tea treated rats did not showed statistical differences between control and experimental groups in those staining. When we compared both diabetic groups, green tea and water treated, the animals that drank the green tea showed decreased number of immuno-staining cells to TNF-α and RANKL(p<0,05 ANOVA) whereas the number...